The Market Revolution Affected The Liberty Of Native...

The Market Revolution drastically increased industry in the United States. Its emphasis on economic development caused people to limit the rights of others for the sake of expansion and progress. Liberty overall contracts during the Market Revolution since opportunities for economic freedom and personal liberty have been restricted for various groups because the new economic way of thinking amplified disparities that had already existed before the Market Revolution. The Market Revolution adversely affected the liberty of Native Americans residing within the United States because they were seen as an obstacle to the country’s economic progress. As the Market Revolution ideas of commerce and expansion took hold in the minds of the people, these white citizens shared the view that Native Americans were hindering the goal of expansion. The citizens believed it was their God-sanctioned right to settle the West (Manifest Destiny) and the Native Americans stood in the way. Conflicts with Native Americans have existed in America since the first settlers, but with the increased emphasis on commerce and development brought by the Market Revolution, the relations worsened. In 1823, during the case of Johnson v M’Intosh, the Supreme Court claimed that Native Americans only had the â€Å"right of occupancy† on their land, and that they did not own it. In 1830, under Jackson’s administration, the Indian Removal Act was created which tried to move the 5 Civilized Tribes out of their lands.Show MoreRelatedLiberty Overall Contracts During The Market Revolution978 Words   |  4 PagesLiberty overall contracts during the Market Revolution since opportunities for economic freedom and political liberty has been restricted for various groups because the new economic way of thinking amplified disparities that had already existed before the Market Revolution. The Market Revolution adversely affected the liberty of Native Americans residing within the United States because they were seen as an obstacle to the country’s economic progress. As the Market Revolution ideas of commerceRead MoreEssay on Dbq Anerican Revolution1205 Words   |  5 Pagesextent did the American Revolution fundamentally change American society? In your answer, be sure to address the political, social, and economic effects of the Revolution in the period from 1775 to 1800. The American Revolution was a critical turning point in American history. Following the French and Indian War, Britain ignored its previous policy of salutary neglect and began intervening in the colonies affairs through taxes, occupation of soldiers, violation of civil liberties, all the whileRead MoreAsfasf754 Words   |  4 Pages 1. The Second Industrial Revolution a. Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues. b. Analyze how technological innovation has affected economic development and society. c. Explain how interpretations of the Constitution and debates over rights, liberties, and definitions of citizenship have affected American values, politics, and society. d. Explain how interpretationsRead MoreThe Effects Of Slavery In Soul By Soul By Walter Johnson1250 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Market Revolution. In the novel Soul by Soul, by Walter Johnson, the author exploits the effects of slavery on the people involved with slave trade in the south. It also shows the reader just how vital slavery is to the Market Revolution, and how the consumers culture, in turn, shaped personal identities. Both slavery and the Market Revolution shaped presidential campaigns, Supreme Court cases, and lead to the start of the Civil War. One of the most important features that affected the marketRead MoreJacksonian Dbq1652 Words   |  7 Pageswas a period of American history full of contradictions, especially in regard to democracy. The period saw an increase in voter participation, nominating committees replaced caucuses, and electors began to be popularly elected. Yet, all of these voting changes affected only a minority of the American people: White, Anglo-Saxon males. So, though one can easily tell that White, Anglo-Saxon males were gaining true liberty and equality, the millions of women. Blacks, Native Americans, immigrants, andRead MoreThe Presidency and Ideologies of Andrew Jackson Essay927 Words   |  4 PagesAndrew Jackson’s Ideologies and presidency engulf a large part of the 19th century. In his plight to rid the country of corruption he not only transformed the American system, but he also motivated others to reform society. Robert Remini’s stated that â€Å"reformers were intent on raising the life of man by putting it in harmony with his idea of the Beautiful and the Just.† This statement truly explains the different reforms that develop politically, economically, socially, and culturally during theRead MoreMotives for English Imperialism1916 Words   |  8 PagesImperialism Empires seek various prompts to help them expand their rule to other countries and territories. Amongst these motives include, economic gain, exploratory, political, religious and ethnocentric motives. Due to the large importation of American crops, England’s population doubled in size. With all the new people migrating to England, people started to compete for food, clothing and housing. This led to inflation of England. The increase number of people looking for works caused a decreasedRead MoreThe Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution by Thomas P. Slaugther1010 Words   |  5 Pagesthat one must place the frontier at the center of the great political debates of the era and fully explore the ideological, social, political, and personal contexts surrounding the episode in order to fully understand the importance of its place in American history. In doing so the author has produced a very readable work that may be enjoyed by casual readers, who will likely find the individual vignettes which open each chapter particularly fascinating, and a highly useful basis of further researchRead MoreWomen During The Nineteenth Century : Women And The Trail Of T ears1676 Words   |  7 Pagescolor (African, Native-Indian) and lower class women who were forced to work under dire conditions were deemed â€Å"invisible† to this movement. Considering they did not fit the standards of race and class, their position as â€Å"women† or citizens was not fought for. Evidence of this issue lies in the document edited by Miriam Schneir â€Å"Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiment and Resolutions† and its failure to include ethnic women. To further address the reality of degradation that slave, native, and impoverishedRead MoreKey Themes Of The Great Awakening1542 Words   |  7 PagesIn the context of HIST 2010, some of the key themes that Americans believe are true about themselves are the American passion for freedom which is fundamental from the New England separatists to the Civil Rights Movement. The pursuit of education means new freedom requires more education. Another theme is unquestioned fanatic in the value of governme nt. American are willing to expire me to new things. We are a very open country. Americans do not feel constrained by the past. America believes they

Comparison and Contrast of the Psychodynamic and Cognitive...

Comparison and Contrast of the Psychodynamic and Cognitive Behavior Theories In life, humanity is on a journey much like walking through a forest full of trees that requires consistent observation while navigating the path traveled. Remaining on course is a very important part of arriving at the destination of achievement and success. There is no way to have complete certainty of always arriving on time, as all the variables come into the picture of that journey which psychology also does in relation to the mind. The psychodynamic theory in comparison to the cognitive behavior theory is somewhat well viewed in focus of examining the mental process of what one does based upon what one has thought of doing. To consider the contrast of†¦show more content†¦7). Realizing that a mind is like a set of gears turning in their respective rotation of thoughts, feelings, etc. that is processed relates well to the cog perspective in descriptive title-ship. In focus of the modern world t oday, cognitive behavior theory is one of the most widely practiced of the theories. The technological level and ability that could diagnostically reveal a portion of the inner workings and functionary process of the mind has undoubtedly contributed to the cognitive research. For the psychological community to experience a large gain in the professional practice of assessing and correcting inappropriate behavior is to assume that they know what the correct behavior is. Still it becomes a subjective belief that one might think to be appropriate, while there remains to possibility of uncertainty exposed by any new discovery that could have a revelation of evidence in fact. In order to consider a criticism of worth and value, one would need to have mastered the understanding of true assessment. The well viewed point, On first hearing of the basic cognitive therapeutic approach, many people will observe that simply being told that a view doesn’t accurately reflect reality doesnâ €™t actually make them feel any better (Dr. Mulhause, 2011 para. 10). Considering the possibility that a inaccuracy might exist, would surely indicate aShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Psychodynamic And Behavioral Perspectives1320 Words   |  6 Pagesmodern psychological perspectives. These perspectives are behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, and biological. Each perspective has its own unique way of explaining the human behavior. I believe to truly explain the complex mental processes and behavior, each perspective must be examined and not limited to just one. The following is my explanation and comparisons between two of these perspectives: psychodynamic and behavioral perspectives pertaining to the article in the AmericanRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology947 Words   |  4 PagesWatson became pioneers of two different approaches. Psychodynamics and Behaviorism could be argued to be two of the most pivotal influences on psychology. To really grasp their value we have to understand their individual philosophical influences, founders and their theories. Both have expanded the growth of psychology as a science, but with comparable views of what that science should represent. The birth of Psychodynamic and Behavioral theory came from two men with totally different historicalRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Main Principles in Any Two of the Followingpsychological Therapies: Psychoanalysis, Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Therapy or Humanistic Therapy1584 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology Assignment 1 â€Å"Compare and contrast the main principles in any two of the followingPsychological therapies: psychoanalysis, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy or humanistic therapy.† Over the detritus of centuries, mental illnesses (such as anxiety, depression and personality disorder) have been a major contentious topic, especially in the medieval times in which religion centered, cultural and traditional influenced people deemed these exhibiting symptoms of psychopathology asRead MoreConsumer Buying Behavior1597 Words   |  7 PagesCONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR Factors which affect a consumer s buying behavior includes Social factors are those factors which are induced by other people with whom the consumer is in contact with by one way or the other and have affect on the consumers buying behavior. 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With the help of this, a conflict is created between what is generally known by the person, referred to as cognition and what is generally believed by the person, referred to as affective. The main aim of the creation of conflict is toRead More Lifespan reflective paper6038 Words   |  25 Pagesï » ¿ Reflection on Lifespan Development T’Pre K. Griffin Capella University Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a comparison of my knowledge and understanding of lifespan development at the outset of course PSY 7210 Lifespan Development and at the courses’ end. In this paper I will explore lifespan development by identifying and discussing the stages of development, theoretical perspectives and research related to lifespan development. I will conclude with discussing how myRead MoreThe Analysis of Behavior Centered and Person Centered Therapy and the Benefits of the Integration and Synthesis of Both in Counseling2503 Words   |  11 PagesThe long-term goal of any counselling session is to aid the client in their overcoming and defeat of obstacles they may face through the facilitation of psychological tools and theories. The evolution of psychology over the last 100 years has seen numerous theories put forth for application to therapy in the clinical setting. Two widely used and well-founded methods include Behaviour Therapy and Person Center ed Therapy. The dynamics of Behaviour Therapy were first discovered by the famous researcherRead MoreA Brief Comparison of Historical Paths for the Clinical and Counselling Streams of Psychology2301 Words   |  10 PagesA Brief Comparison of Historical Paths for the Clinical and Counselling Streams of Psychology The current practices of the clinical and counselling psychological streams are not entirely dissimilar as both are concerned with the application of psychotherapy, education, research, and instruction (Mayne, Norcross, Sayette, 2000; Norcross, 2000). Clinical psychology is primarily concerned with the assessment, treatment, and study of populations who experience severe mental illness (Bechtoldt

Retaining Talent with Salary Packaging Rivalry

Question: Discuss about the Retaining Talent with Salary Packaging Rivalry. Answer: Introduction: Human resource management helps to describe the formal systems of management in an organization. Human resource managers have three main responsibilities. This includes staffing, designing a work and employee compensation and the benefits. The assignment will focus on the human resource management of McDonald, which have 75,000 employees. McDonald is a World famous company that is leading the market for several years (McDonald's Australia. 2017). The assignment focuses on the various recognition schemes of McDonald that supports their organizational culture. By applying these schemes, they want to attract future leaders. The discussion provided theories to focus on the procedure. The approaches of McDonald to develop the human resource management are also described, which can be applicable to Spastic Centre. Spastic Centre is a non profit organization that works for the individual with the cerebral palsy (spastic centre. 2017). McDonald launches a recognition scheme of retaining talent with the salary package. It is hopeful that this scheme will help the company to attract new talent and future leaders. The main priority of McDonald is to gain the customer loyalty by attracting new customers (McDonald's Australia. 2017). Therefore, the organization is searching for new efficient talent. McDonald has strong organizational structure that is related to habits, tradition and value. This can influence the employees and also their behaviour. Anselmsson et al., (2016) pointed that the management needs to encourage and support their employees. This will help the employees to learn new things from the organization. Management of McDonald helps their staffs to learn new things and develop new skills and technology to achieve the customer satisfaction. The strong organizational culture makes McDonald a powerful organization in Australia and provides various opportunities to expand their business. Nadolny and Ryan (201 5) mentioned exciting salary package can attract the efficient employees and leaders. Mahajan (2014) argued that the exciting salary package can have negative effects on the employees. Before offering exiting salary package, the management needs to identify the efficient employees and for this they can arrange an interview session or examination with the employees. In view of Kaufman (2015), retention of talent with the salary package help the employers to influence or motivate the employees and also increase the performance level of the employees. However, the exciting salary package can create discrimination, which needs to be avoided (Almond Menndez, 2013). The exciting salary package should be offered on the basis of the talent of the employees and avoid discrimination like race, ethnicity, age, sex, gender (Taylor, 2014). The management needs to make a short list of the employees who are eligible for the appreciation and have the scope to be an efficient future leader. After that they can arrange a training session for the employees to make them efficient and effective leaders for future. Efficient leaders can increase the reputation of McDonald and attract more customers, which will provide more profit to the organization. In such case, the priority of McDonalds should be implication of new efficient leaders and employees. Thompson (2016) stated that people works for the salary, which helps them to maintain their lifestyle. If the employees get more money for their talent, then it will help to develop their lifestyle. Developed lifestyle motivates the employees to work hard and get more incentive or bonus. McDonald has another option to motivate the employees. They can provide incentives and bonus to the employees, which will be added to their salary. Hsu, Shinnar and Powell (2014) argued that the aw arding system can influence the employees more and help the employees to recognise the talented the employees and future leaders. According to L?z?roiu (2015), salary package system makes the salaries of employees tax efficient, which attracts the employees effectively. The exciting salary package helps to encourage the employees to provide their best performance to make the human resource management strong. Miner (2015) mentioned that the most exciting salary package can include laptops, PDAs, employer superannuation, computer and money. They can include the superannuation scheme in their salary package to attract new future leaders. Howard et al.,. (2015) argued that McDonald can use the scheme of retaining talent with salary package when they need as they already have exciting human resource management and efficient employees. As per the case study, non profit organization like Spastic Centre provides exciting salary packages to their employees. They included childcare centre, food and drink outlets, gym on the campus as a salary package. However, if McDonald offers such type of salary package, then they should include the some system also. For example, during using the offer of dinner at restaurant, the employees needs to show their ID cards to their restaurants and should have a limit to use the coupons of the restaurants (Shields et al., 2015). There also should be a limit of using these facilities. The rules and policies also should be developed. To imply such scheme in the organization, the human resource managers should make strategic plans, which can be time consuming. They need to make budget for this purpose. Wilton (2016) argued that they can share their market profit with their employees rather than offering such offers as the salary package. This also can attract new employees and future leaders, which will develop the organization. Nadolny and Ryan (2015) mentioned that the organizational culture is supported by the expectancy theory. Expectancy theory states that how an employee should behave in the organizational culture. As mentioned by Sparrow, Brewster and Chung (2016), expectancy theory helps the management of McDonald to modify the behaviour of the employees. It can be noted that the management can arrange training for the employees so that they can modify their behaviour easily and therefore achieve the job satisfaction with the high quality performance. Jackson, Schuler and Jiang (2014) argued that expectancy theory helps to increase the attractiveness of a job. Expectancy theory includes the instrumentality, valance and expectancy. In view of Bosona and Gebresenbet (2013), valance refers to the reward desirability to a specific person. Sheehan (2014) argued that expectancy refers to a belief of the employees that the employee performance can be influenced by their efforts that are the employee can dev elop their performance by giving more effort. On the other hand, Mahajan (2014) mentioned that in a workplace the efficient people should get opportunities to explore themselves and achieve rewards by their performance and behaviour. Instrumentality refers to the performance of an employee at the workplace according to their expectation. However, the employees can get rewards for their best quality performance but this may not satisfy their expectation and therefore cannot provide job satisfaction to them. In case of working in a workplace, the job satisfaction is necessary with the best quality performance, which helps in self motivation. Anselmsson et al., (2016) opined that in a workplace the internal motivation is necessary as well as the external motivation. The best quality performance of the employees of McDonald makes the business successful and therefore, the organization is able to make huge amount of profit. The management needs to share the profit amount with the employees that will encourage the employees. In view of Kaufman (2015) expectancy theory helps to motivate the employees that draw a profit. Expectancy theory includes the outcome valance, expectancy and performance that are related to outcome expectancy. Employees get motivation from the three factors therefore their performance level increases. The expectancy theory implies the reward amount that has a link with motivation as well as performance. The performance of the employees can be motivated by the external motivation but it is difficult to gain the job satisfaction. Therefore, the employees need self motivation that will help to get the job satisfaction. In case of working in a particular field of work, the employees need the job satisfaction that will help to impr ove the job performance. McDonald helps to motivate their employees by providing incentives and bonus, which are the external motivation. They need to arrange training and motivational programs for the employees that will help the employees in self motivation. Nadolny and Ryan (2015) opined that the employees also need to take initiative to motivate themselves. They need to keep positive attitude towards their jobs and also should control their emotion in the workplace. McDonald tries to improve the knowledge and learning outcome of the employees. Almond and Menndez (2013) suggested that in the workplace the employees of an organization should not state their own opinion that has no link with their job role. The Human resources management of McDonald needs to imply the expectancy theory so that their productivity rate can increase. The expectancy theory has two important factors that are the intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. The intrinsic motivation is related with the self motivation (Hsu, Shinnar Powell, 2014). On the other hand, extrinsic factor is related with external motivation (Miner, 2015). According to L?z?roiu (2015), the job performance of an employees will be better when the employees can enjoy their job role. Money can motivate the employees but cannot provide satisfaction to them. Intrinsic motivation can be spoiled by the monetary incentives and the employees can loss their natural interest in jobs. The human resource management needs to motivate the employees by appreciating them that influence the employees. The employees can be involved in the organizational changes that will provide importance to the employees. Howard et al., (2015) stated that involvemen t of the employees in organizational changes motivates the employees and provide opportunities to explore themselves. McDonald is famous for their management system and customer loyalty, which can be developed more. This will help the employees and employers both to achieve their job satisfaction and job performance. McDonald took various approaches in managing the human resources that can be applied for Spastic Centre, which is a non profit organization. The population of human in worldwide is only one percent larger than the service of McDonald. The strong brand image, customer loyalty, operational system, high quality food and international infrastructure made the organization more successful. Therefore, Spastic Centre needs to provide high quality service, customer loyalty, brand image and operational system to become successful and make renowned brand image. Shields et al., (2015) mentioned that McDonald is the best brand in sense of food quality and service. The human resource management of McDonald is very strong and provide good quality service. They offer varieties of foods to their customers and try to achieve the customer loyalty. Spastic Centre also needs to strong their human resource management that will help them to achieve success. Wilton (2016) mentioned that McDonald apply vario us innovative ideas and technologies to improve the service quality. In view of Sparrow, Brewster and Chung (2016), an organization needs to balance the employee and employer relationship to develop the organizational behaviour and changes. In McDonald, the relationship between employees and employers are very strong. Therefore, Spastic Centre can use the concept of McDonald to develop the relationship between the workers and management system so that the organizational structure can develop. McDonald has focus on their employees so that they do not face any problem in the workplace. They try to provide some facilities to their employees to make them feel easy to work. Jackson, Schuler and Jiang (2014) opined that the management needs to be concerned for the health and wellbeing of the employees that will help them management to get the trust of the employees. However, McDonald is concerned for the health and wellbeing of the employees, who work in the organization. McDonald focuses on the differentiation of the strategy so that they can maintain the position of excellent restaurant. According to Bosona and Gebresenbet (2013), service differentiation strategy helps McDonald so that it can target on the customer. This helps the organization to get more customers and develop their business. Spastic Centre can apply integrated promotion mix strategy to balance their service and business. McDonald implements the strategy so that they can balance the digital media (traditional and modern media). However, the promotional style of McDonald is unique that attracts the children as well as the adults also. Therefore, Spastic Centre can take idea of promotion al style from McDonald that will help them. Sheehan (2014) suggested that Spastic Centre needs to appoint efficient employees as it helps to cerebral palsy patients. They organize various campaigns for the wellbeing of those people. Therefore, they need unique promotional strategy to attract people. McDonald use social media, television, radio and hoarding to promote their products. Spastic Centre also can use these strategies to promote their campaigns. They can appoint the employees after the peered interviews. They can arrange written test as the initial interview. Passed candidates can be called for the telephonic interview and at last they can called the selected candidates for personal interview (spastic centre. 2017). McDonald has five steps of the interview process that helps the organization to develop their customer retention. The candidates need to have proper practical knowledge for working. Spastic Centre can provide training to their fresh candidates so that they do not face problems during their working. However , working with the patients of cerebral palsy is quite difficult, therefore proper knowledge is necessary. They can follow the human resource management system of McDonald but should not copy it as it is offensive. They can apply motivational theory to motivate the employees so that they can gain confidence. McDonald is a famous company and has various strong policies with the strong employment. Spastic Centre needs to develop their policies and imply new policies for the development of the employee and employer relationship that will provide benefit to the organization. Spastic Centre can focus on customers and appoint efficient staffs that will provide best quality work to the customers. They need to look for the fresh and enthusiast employees who are capable to develop the organizational position and structure. On the basis of the above discussion, it can be concluded that there are different scopes for McDonald to improve and also can improve the human resource management for attracting customers and can retain the first position in market. The management require motivation for the employees and staffs so that they improve the performance and achieve customer satisfaction. The advertisements of McDonald are attractive, which attracts customers, the children mainly. However, the appointing procedure is strong, that a non profit organization, Spastic Centre may apply to the organization for improvement. McDonald appoints people that are capable to work hard and express their thoughts by new things learning. References Almond, P., Menndez, M. D. C. G. (2013). The changing nature of HRM, organizational change and globalization.International human resource management. An employment relations perspective, London, Sage, 37-56. Anselmsson, J., Anselmsson, J., Bondesson, N., Bondesson, N., Melin, F., Melin, F. (2016). Customer-based brand equity and human resource management image: do retail customers really care about HRM and the employer brand?.European Journal of Marketing,50(7/8), 1185-1208. Bosona, T., Gebresenbet, G. (2013). Food traceability as an integral part of logistics management in food and agricultural supply chain.Food control,33(1), 32-48. Howard, M. W., Shankar, K. H., Aue, W. R., Criss, A. H. (2015). A distributed representation of internal time.Psychological review,122(1), 24. Hsu, D. K., Shinnar, R. S., Powell, B. C. (2014). Expectancy theory and entrepreneurial motivation: a longitudinal examination of the role of entrepreneurship education.Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship,26(1), 121. Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S., Jiang, K. (2014). An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management.The Academy of Management Annals,8(1), 1-56. Kaufman, B. E. (2015). Market competition, HRM, and firm performance: The conventional paradigm critiqued and reformulated.Human Resource Management Review,25(1), 107-125. L?z?roiu, G. (2015). Work Motivation and Organizational Behavior.Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, (2), 66-75. Mahajan, S. (2014). Competitive advantage through training and development in Mcdonald's: a case study.International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering,4(10), 403-417. McDonald's Australia. (2017). Mcdonalds.com.au. McDonald's Australia. Retrieved 6 February 2017, from https://mcdonalds.com.au/ Miner, J. B. (2015).Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Nadolny, A., Ryan, S. (2015). McUniversities revisited: a comparison of university and McDonald's casual employee experiences in Australia.Studies in Higher Education,40(1), 142-157. Nadolny, A., Ryan, S. (2015). McUniversities revisited: a comparison of university and McDonald's casual employee experiences in Australia.Studies in Higher Education,40(1), 142-157. Sheehan, M. (2014). Human resource management and performance: Evidence from small and medium-sized firms.International Small Business Journal,32(5), 545-570. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., ... Plimmer, G. (2015).Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016).Globalizing human resource management. Routledge. spastic centre. (2017). cerebralpalsy.org.au. Retrieved 6 February 2017, from https://www.cerebralpalsy.org.au/ Taylor, S. (2014).Anxiety sensitivity: Theory, research, and treatment of the fear of anxiety. Routledge. Thompson, W. R. (2016). Expectancy Theory, Strategic Rivalry.Evolutionary Interpretations of World Politics, 218. Wilton, N. (2016).An introduction to human resource management. Sage.

Victorian and Modern Corsets

Introduction Corsets have a long and amazing history. They have survived historical moments to the current time. Over time, they have continuously been modified to shape the bodies of women into what the society expects them to appear like. During the Victorian era, corsets were not only body shapers, but also indicators of a woman’s class and her moral standing.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Victorian and Modern Corsets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This article describes Victorian corsets, and compares and contrasts them with today’s corsets. It will examine the materials used to make corsets in the two cases, and how and why they were and are worn. Description of Corsets Shape Narrowest Victorian corsets took after the shape of a hourglass. They were narrowest at the middle with the upper and lower ends opening up to accommodate the bust and the hip area respectively. They did not have any strips hanging from either ends. There was a strap at the back running from the top to the bottom through small holes on both sides; this strap was used to tighten it to the body. The front middle lower end extended by few inches downwards below the waistline. The front middle upper end extended to accommodate breast halfway in a manner today referred to as over-bust. Modern corsets in some few ways take after the shape of Victorian corsets. One difference is seen in the middle part which is not as narrow as that of Victorian corsets. Unlike the Victorian corsets which can be said to have been significantly over-bust, today’s corsets are customized and come in the forms of over-bust and under-bust. Materials Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Silk corset Victorian corsets were made up of a variety of materials. Heavy linen, cotton and sometimes soft leath er were popular materials (Winter 1). Colored silk was used to make corsets for special events such as weddings (Pinterest 1). Reinforcement to the corsets was by means of whale bone (Winter 1). According to Eleri, the whale bone referred to here is not actually a bone at all but â€Å"keratinous material found around the upper jaws of baleen whales, used to filter plankton and krill† (Eleri 1). The whale bone was popular because it is flexible and very strong. Furthermore, it can be cut into very narrow strips without compromising strength. The whale bone strips were inserted into corsets to give them strength (Eleri 1; Winter 1). Winter also noted that some plants with very strong fibers were also used to offer reinforcement to corsets. This was expected because whale bones probably could be rare at times. Steel was another strengthening material used at this time. Iron maidens were also popular especially in the late Victorian era. Winter described iron maidens as â€Å"m olded iron devices shaped like a woman’s body or in a manner anticipated to shape the body† (1). Corsets made out of iron maidens were particularly very stiff (Winter 1). Spiral Steel Modern day corset significantly make use of fabrics such as cotton, silk and leather. The reinforcement or boning materials are numerous with the most common ones being white steel, spiral steel, plastic, and reeds. Modern technology has enabled today’s corsetieres to use light and flexible boning materials (Corset Making 1). Convenience Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Victorian and Modern Corsets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Victorian corsets were heavy and posed a lot of discomfort due to the weight of the reinforcement materials used to strengthen them. Though they were considered flexible then, the reinforcement materials were really not very flexible. Winter noted that working women and servants could not wear corsets because they inhibited their flexibility in regard to mobility (Winter 1). The shape they aspired to create in women meant that they had to be very narrow at the middle. Taking into consideration the anatomy of a human being, this meant that the lungs and diaphragm were put under some form of pressure. Magnifying this unfortunate state was the fact that the corset had to be tied very tightly. Doctors of the time strongly spoke against corsets, and as if to support the doctors’ claims women in corsets often fainted. In some cases, whale bones could break and pierce the body of the wearer (Winter 1). Victorian corsets were not comfort to wear, but all the same they were always worn. Corsets today are very convenient to wear. They are light and flexible, and are not as tight as the Victorian ones were. Today’s corsets are customized to conveniently fit into different shapes of women’s bodies. This makes it possible for a woman to go for the most convenient corset for her body (Lingerie Addict 1). How and Why Corsets were/are Worn Why they were/are Worn A corset formed part of a daily attire that a woman was supposed to wear during the Victorian era. It did not matter where one resided, a corset had to be on. This piece of clothe had a huge influence in the life of a women and its significance was more than that of any other normal clothe. Corsets were used to shape women bodies and equally significant they shaped their lives. It is argued that the sociological aspects of womanhood during the Victorian era gave corsets great significance. According to Winter, â€Å"tightly laced corsets and close-fitted clothing created the difference†¦.it enabled the wearer to produce a form-fitted, moral, and fashionable appearance, indicating good breeding† (1). Therefore, corsets were worn has a means of showing that one is brought up well and well behaved. This helped women from the upper class in a society to m aintain their honor. They were also significant for women from poor families looking for marriage partners – wearing a corset was a show of one who is well cultured and therefore intuitively one who could become a good wife.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Victorian era demanded high morals and women wearing corset was a significant way of showing that. Women associated with loose clothes were connected with loose morals and servants. The servants could not work well with corsets on as they could restrict their mobility while working (Winter 1). Another reason why corsets were worn was to create a shape which was considered feminine. Victorian corsets are said to have been very narrow just above the waistline. The shape that women aspired at this time was that of a hourglass or a wasp. It is surprising that even young girls had their versions of corsets. It was important that they also showed their class in the society. Therefore, girls grew up knowing that corsets formed part of female clothing (Winter 1). In general, wearing a corset in the Victorian era was more of a mandatory societal expectation of a woman of moral standards and upper class. It was also used to shape their bodies into the expected hourglass-like feminine shap e (Winter 1). As the popularity of corsets grew, they were made to fit different activities. For instance, there were corsets for swimming, bicycling among other sport activities. The image shown here belonged to that of a corset called a ventilated corset. It was worn by women who engaged in sports activities and was also popular during summer (Pinterest 1). It is surprising that there were corsets for men though their prevalence was quite low. The men corsets were made to offer support to the abdomen. There were also corsets made for pregnant women styled to support the growing abdomen (Winter 1). This was simply an era corsets ruled. Modern day corsets are mostly worn for purpose of beauty unlike Victorian corsets which were worn for many reasons. There is a difference in the prevalence of corsets during the Victorian era and today. Today’s corsets do not carry even a quarter of the significance they had during the Victorian time. They do not enjoy the popularity and pres tige that their counterparts enjoyed during the Victorian time. However, this is not to say that they are useless today. Majority of women today do not wear corsets and even for those who do they do not wear them on a daily basis. They are significantly worn selectively and by only women. It is rare to find children corsets. This is in contrast to the Victoria era whereby young girls and even men wore corsets. However, corsets are still playing the role of shaping the woman body as they did during the Victorian time. In addition, corsets are also used in fashion shows (Lingerie Addict 1). How they/are were worn Having examined the question on why corsets were/are worn, it is time to examine how they were worn. The wearing of Victorian corsets has been marred with controversies. It is known that they were worn under a dress (Winter 1). But how tightly they were tied has been a subject of speculation. Nevertheless, as the diagrams below show, it is suspected that they were tightened v ery strongly. (Fashion 1) It is said that the corsets were so tight that many times women fainted as a result of being unable to breathe well. The impression created by different authors writing on Victorian corsets is that a woman had to get some assistance to wear a corset (Winter 1; Eleri 1; Pinterest 1; Fashion 1). This was probably because of significance that the hourglass-shaped body carried. This shape was significant and a tight corset also spoke volumes about the integrity and morals of the wearer. Integrity and right morals ruled the Victorian era. This is contrast to today whereby corsets are less tight and there is no societal pressure to make them tighter. Unlike Victorian corsets which were worn as undergarments, modern day corsets are made in a manner that they do not have to be worn as undergarments. Conclusion Corsets formed a very intimate part of the lifestyle of a woman in the Victorian era. Corsets were worn to help shape the body and were also a show that on e is well behaved and not loose. The society expected women to wear their corsets and as a result corsets were very common and popular in the Victorian era. Today, corsets are not very common though they are popular. There is also no societal expectation for women to wear corsets. Boning materials used in reinforcing Victorian corsets were steel, iron maidens, or whale bones. These materials made Victorian corset quite heavy. Today’s corsets are reinforced with light materials which include steel, spiral steel, plastic and reeds. As a result, they are light and convenient to wear. Works Cited Corset Making. Boning. Corset Making Supplies, 2013. Web. https://corsetmaking.com/corset-boning.html Eleri, Lynn. Well-Rounded: A history of corsetry, from whalebone to Lycra. Slate, 2010. Web. Fashion. How to Lace a Corset. Fashion, 2013. Web. http://www.victoriana.com/corsets/corset.htm Lingerie Addict. Corsets: shapes, silhouettes, and fabrics. The Lingerie Addict, 2013. Web. https:/ /www.thelingerieaddict.com/2008/08/corsets-and-corsetieres.html Pinterest. Steel Embrace: Antique Corset Love. Pinterest, 2013. Web. Winter, Denise. Cinching Up in the Victorian Era – Corsets! Denise Nadine Design, 2005. Web. This research paper on Victorian and Modern Corsets was written and submitted by user Kat1e to help you with your own studies. 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